一句话: Structured Data(SD)= 在页面里加 schema.org 标签显式告诉 Google 内容是啥(recipe 食材/Article 作者/Product 价格 等)→ 解锁 rich result。Google 支持 34 个 type,本 wiki 是入口 + 每 type 关键 gotcha。具体字段表见 search-gallery。
TL;DR — 7 个核心决策
| 决策 | 答案 |
|---|---|
| 用什么格式? | JSON-LD(推荐)放 <script type="application/ld+json"> 在 <head> 或 <body> 都行 |
| Microdata / RDFa 行不行? | 行,但易出错,JSON-LD 最容易维护 |
data-vocabulary.org 还能用吗? |
不能,2020 已废弃 |
| 标了一定显 rich result? | 不,标是 enable,Google 算法决定是否显 |
| 字段越多越好? | 不,少而准 > 多而错。完整 + 准确 > 全列但残破 |
| 测试用什么? | Rich Results Test(Google specific)/ Schema Markup Validator(generic) |
| SD 不可见内容能标吗? | ❌ 不能 — 必须与可见内容匹配,否则视为 spam |
Part 1 — 框架: 怎么用 SD
1.1 为啥用
Case study 数据:
- Rotten Tomatoes: 100K 页加 SD → CTR +25%
- Food Network: 80% 页 SD → 访问 +35%
- Rakuten: SD 页用户停留 1.5x,AMP+SD vs 仅 AMP 3.6x 互动
- Nestlé: rich result 页 CTR 比普通 +82%
1.2 3 种格式选型
| 格式 | 优 | 缺 | 何时用 |
|---|---|---|---|
| JSON-LD ⭐ | <script> 独立块,不与可见 HTML 混 / 支持 JS 动态注入 / 嵌套深易写 |
与可见 HTML 解耦,易脱节 | 首选 |
| Microdata | 与可见 HTML 紧耦合 | 工程繁琐 / 错率高 | legacy 站维护 |
| RDFa | HTML5 扩展 / linked data | 复杂 | learned 用户 |
1.3 5 quality guideline ⭐⭐⭐
A. Content
- 遵 spam policies
- up-to-date(过期信息 Google 不显)
- 原创内容(你的或用户的)
- ❌ 不标不可见内容(JSON-LD 说有 performer,HTML body 必须有)
- ❌ 不标 irrelevant / misleading(假 review / 与页主题无关)
- ❌ 不冒充 / 误导身份 / 所属 / 主要目的
B. Relevance
SD 必须真实代表页面:
- ❌ 体育直播站把 broadcast 标为 local event
- ❌ 木工站把教程标为 recipe
C. Completeness
- required 必填 才 eligible
- recommended 越多 → 质量越高 → rich result ranking 加分(求职者更喜欢标了薪资的 job;recipe 有真实 user review 加分)
D. Location
- SD 放在它描述的页上
- 重复页(http vs https / www vs 非 www)两版都标同 SD
E. Specificity
- 用 schema.org 最 specific 的 type / property(
NewsArticle不是CreativeWork) - 看具体 feature 文档的额外 guideline
F. Images
- 图必须与页相关(
NewsArticle.image配新闻内容) - 图 URL 必须可爬可索引
1.4 多 item 同页 2 模式
Nesting(主 item 嵌子 item)— 适合关联紧密:
{
"@type": "Recipe",
"name": "Banana Bread",
"aggregateRating": { "@type": "AggregateRating", "ratingValue": 4.7, "ratingCount": 123 },
"video": { "@type": "VideoObject", "name": "How To...", "contentUrl": "..." }
}
Individual items 用 @id 链接 — 适合多独立 item:
[
{ "@type": "Recipe", "@id": "https://example.com/banana-bread", "name": "..." },
{ "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [...] }
]
⚠️ 不用 @id 链接,Google 可能不知道video 是关于 recipe 的。
1.5 用 main type + 辅助 type 解锁多种 rich result
例: recipe 页:
- 主:
Recipe - 辅:
Video+Review+BreadcrumbList
→ 同时 eligible 为 recipe rich result / video search / review snippet。
1.6 测试 + 部署 5 步
1. 加 required properties
2. 遵 guidelines
3. Rich Results Test 验 syntax
4. 部署 + URL Inspection tool 看 Google 渲染的版本
5. 提交 sitemap;Search Console Rich Results status report 跟进
1.7 监控
Search Console → Rich result status reports(每 type 一份)。出 issue 修完 → request review。
1.8 SD spam manual action
issue → 失去 rich result eligibility,但不影响 web search 排名。Search Console Manual Actions report 查。
Part 2 — 34 个 Type 完整概览 ⭐⭐⭐
每条标 必填(最核心)+ gotcha(常见坑)+ search appearance。 完整字段表 → 点 type 名链接到 Google 官方文档。
2.1 News / Article 类
Article / NewsArticle / BlogPosting
- 必填:
headline+image(1x1/4x3/16x9 三比例)+datePublished+dateModified+author(Person或Organization,必须包url不只 name) - gotcha:
author.name要与可见署名一致;author 是组织时也 OK - Appearance: title link / 大图 / byline date / Top stories candidate
Speakable(news 朗读)
- 必填:
cssSelector或xPath指向页内可朗读段 - 适用: 仅 news + en-US/en-CA/en-AU/en-IE/en-NZ/en-UK 6 locale
- gotcha: 短段 ≤ 30 秒,只标 headline 和 lede
Subscription / Paywalled Content
- 必填: 在
NewsArticle上加isAccessibleForFree: false+hasPart: { @type: "WebPageElement", isAccessibleForFree: false, cssSelector: "#paywall" } - gotcha: 必须用 SD 标,否则 Googlebot 看到完整内容、用户看不到 = cloaking spam
FactCheck
- 必填:
ClaimReview含claimReviewed+reviewRating - gotcha: 站必须明显是 fact-check 专业站(独立第三方)
2.2 Ecommerce 类
Product + ProductGroup
- 2 大类:
- Product snippet — 评测页(不能直接买)
- Merchant listing — 可以买的产品页(支持 size / shipping / return)
- 重叠: Merchant listing 的 required product info 通常自动 eligible Product snippet
- 变体 → 用
ProductGroup+ 子Product
Product Snippet(评测/对比页)
- 强调
pros+cons - review 信息丰富
Merchant Listing(可买)
- size / shipping / return / availability 等
Product Variants
ProductGroup父 + 多Product子(每变体独立 URL)- 帮 Google 理解哪些是同款不同尺寸/颜色
Review Snippet
- 适用主体:
Book/Recipe/Movie/Product/SoftwareApp/LocalBusiness - 必填:
reviewRating+author+itemReviewed - ⚠️ ratings 必须真实用户的,fake 5 星 → manual action
Return Policy(Organization 政策)
- nested in
Organization - 解锁 result enhancement 显退货政策
Shipping Policy(Organization 政策)
- nested in
Organization - 显运费 / 免运 / 时长
Loyalty Program(Organization 政策)
- nested in
Organization - 显积分/会员制
2.3 Organizations 类
Organization
- 必填:
name+url+logo(图) - 可选:
contactPoint/sameAs/legalName/taxID/iso6523Code/address - Appearance: Knowledge Panel
LocalBusiness
- 子类:
Restaurant/Hotel/Store等 - 必填:
name+image+address(PostalAddress)+priceRange+ 通常openingHoursSpecification - Appearance: Knowledge panel 含开放时间 / 评分 / 路线 / book/order action
2.4 Jobs 类
JobPosting
- 必填:
title+description(完整 HTML)+datePosted+hiringOrganization+jobLocation或applicantLocationRequirements - 强烈推荐:
baseSalary(有薪资的 job ranking 加分) - gotcha:
validThrough必须设,过期后自动从 job search 移除;过期未删触发 manual action;site 必须有真实可申请的 job,不能 spam
Employer Aggregate Rating
- nested under
Organization表达雇主评分 - 数据需多 user evaluation
2.5 Entertainment 类
Movie
- 必填:
name+image+dateCreated(release date) - 单页 / carousel
- nested
aggregateRating/director/actor
Event(enriched search!)
- 必填:
name+startDate+location - 物理 event:
location.@type = Place+address - 在线 event:
location.@type = VirtualLocation+url - 混合: 用 array
- eventStatus:
EventScheduled/EventRescheduled/EventCancelled/EventPostponed/EventMovedOnline - gotcha: 必须 leaf page(单 event),listing page 无效
Carousel(组合用)
- 不是独立 type,必须组合:Recipe / Course / Restaurant / Movie
- 用
ItemList+itemListElement - 同站多 item 单结果 carousel
Carousels Beta(新功能)
- 多站 carousel(单站之外)
- 仍在 beta
Vacation Rental
- 必填:
name+image+address+containsPlace+latitude/longitude+numberOfRooms等 - gotcha: 入门有 application 要求,要先申请加入 program
2.6 Food and Drink 类
Recipe(enriched search!)
- 必填:
name+image+recipeIngredient+recipeInstructions(逐步) - 强烈推荐:
nutrition+aggregateRating+video+prepTime/cookTime/totalTime(ISO 8601PT1H30M) - 单页 / host carousel
- enriched: 用户可按热量/时间搜索
2.7 Education and Science 类
Course + Course List
- 单课用
Course - 多课 carousel 用
ItemList含Course子 - 必填:
name+description+provider
Education Q&A
- 教育卡片格式(student 学习用)
- 必填:
QAPage或Quiz+ 完整 Q+A 内容
Math Solvers
- 帮学生找数学问题 step-by-step 解
- 必填:
MathSolver含mathExpression+subjectOf(walkthrough)
Dataset
- 大数据集发现 in Google Dataset Search
- 必填:
name+description+creator+distribution
2.8 Q&A / Forum / 通用 类
FAQPage ⚠️ 重大变更
⚠️ 2026-05-07 起 FAQ rich result 不再显示。 2026-06 工具下架。 2026-08 Search Console API 移除支持。 新站不必加,旧站可留。
- 历史: 仅政府/医疗权威站可享 rich result(2023 起就缩限)
- 替代:
QAPage(单 question 多用户答)
QAPage
- 1 question 多 user answer(论坛 / Stack Overflow / Quora 风格)
- 必填:
Question+ 至少 1Answer(可acceptedAnswer或suggestedAnswer) - gotcha: 必须真有用户提问 + 真有答案,自动生成 FAQ 不行
Discussion Forum
- UGC 短形式(论坛帖)+ 线索化或非线索化讨论
- 必填:
DiscussionForumPosting含headline+text+author+datePublished - gotcha: 评论用
Comment嵌套
Profile Page
- 关于单一 person / organization 的页(与该站相关联)
- 必填:
ProfilePage+ 含mainEntity是Person/Organization - gotcha: 用于 Perspectives 等 filter
2.9 通用 / 跨域 类
Breadcrumb (BreadcrumbList)
- 必填:
itemListElement数组,每个ListItem含position+name+item(URL,最后一项可省 item) - Appearance: 搜索结果替代 URL 显面包屑
- 多 breadcrumb trail: 同页可有多
BreadcrumbList(展示路径不止一条时)
Video (VideoObject)
- 见 富功能 / Discover / Images / Video / Page Experience / Web Stories / SXG / Paywall 完全指南 Part 3 完整解析
- 必填:
name+description+thumbnailUrl+uploadDate - 加
contentUrl/embedUrl/duration/Clip子(Key Moments)/SeekToAction/BroadcastEvent(Live Badge)
Book
- 单本书
Book或系列BookSeries - 必填:
name+author+workExample(每版/格式Book) - 适合书评站 / 出版社
Software App
- 必填:
name+applicationCategory+operatingSystem+offers或aggregateRating
Image License Metadata
- 加
image元数据帮 Google Images 显作者 / 使用许可 / 信息 - 必填(归到
ImageObject上):creator+creditText+copyrightNotice+license(URL 指向许可页)+acquireLicensePage(URL)
2.10 Carousel 详细组合规则
只 4 类可做单站 carousel(ItemList 包):
- Recipe carousel
- Course carousel
- Restaurant(LocalBusiness 子)carousel
- Movie carousel
格式:
{
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "ItemList",
"itemListElement": [
{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "url": "https://example.com/recipe-1" },
{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "url": "https://example.com/recipe-2" }
]
}
每 listItem 的 URL 必须指向独立 leaf page(完整 SD 在那)。
Part 3 — JavaScript 生成 SD
3.1 两种路径
A. Google Tag Manager(GTM):
- 装 GTM
- 加 Custom HTML tag → 粘 JSON-LD
- 发布 container
- 用 GTM 变量从页提取数据(防 SD 与页内容脱节)
function() { return document.title; }
B. 自定义 JS:
- 服务端渲染 SD + JS 补充
- 或纯 JS 生成 SD
- Google 渲染时能 process DOM 里的 SD(WRS,见 JavaScript SEO 全套(基础 + 诊断 + Dynamic Rendering + Lazy Loading))
3.2 ⚠️ Product SD + JS 的特殊坑
Shopping crawl 频率会下降 + 可靠性变差,对快速变化的内容(库存 / 价格)是问题。
修复:
- 优先 server-side render Product SD
- 服务器有足够 capacity 应对 Google 增加的 crawl
3.3 测试
URL Inspection tool 看渲染后的 HTML 是否真有 SD。
Part 4 — Image License Metadata 详
4.1 用途
Google Images 显:
- 图片作者
- 许可信息
- 如何使用(免费/付费)
- 致谢(credit)
- 获取许可页 URL
4.2 5 必填 / 推荐字段(加 ImageObject 上)
| 字段 | 含义 |
|---|---|
creator |
Person 或 Organization,带 name |
creditText |
显示的署名(可能与 creator 不同) |
copyrightNotice |
© Brand Name 2024 形式 |
license |
URL 指向许可页 |
acquireLicensePage |
URL 指向购买/获取许可 |
4.3 实现
{
"@context": "https://schema.org/",
"@type": "ImageObject",
"contentUrl": "https://example.com/image.jpg",
"license": "https://example.com/license",
"acquireLicensePage": "https://example.com/how-to-license",
"creditText": "Labrador by Andy Wong",
"creator": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Andy Wong" },
"copyrightNotice": "© 2024 Andy Wong"
}
Part 5 — 反 pattern 集锦
| # | 反 pattern | 后果 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 标不可见内容(JSON 说有 performer / HTML 没) | Spam manual action,失去 rich result |
| 2 | 标 misleading / irrelevant 内容(假 review) | 同上 |
| 3 | 用 data-vocabulary.org |
完全无效(2020 废弃) |
| 4 | Microdata / RDFa / JSON-LD 混用同 type | Google 困惑,选最完整那个 |
| 5 | 只填 required,recommended 全空 | rich result ranking 低 |
| 6 | 填全 recommended 但不准确/不完整 | 比少填还糟 |
| 7 | SD 放不相关的页(如 BreadcrumbList 描述别页) | 无效 |
| 8 | 重复内容只 canonical 页加 SD,duplicate 不加 | 两版都应加同 SD |
| 9 | 用泛 CreativeWork 而不用 NewsArticle |
specificity 损失 |
| 10 | 多 review / FAQ 但只标部分 | misleading,触发 manual action |
| 11 | FAQ rich result 期望(2026-05-07 起停) | 浪费工作量 — 用 QAPage / 转 Article 替 |
| 12 | Speakable 期望全语言 | 仅 6 个 en locale |
| 13 | JobPosting validThrough 不设 |
过期 job 显示 → manual action |
| 14 | Product SD 用 JS 生成不 SSR | shopping crawl 频率降,库存/价不准 |
| 15 | Paywalled 不用 SD | 视为 cloaking spam |
| 16 | Vacation Rental 没申请程序就加 SD | 无效 |
| 17 | Image License 标了但没真实许可 | manual action |
Part 6 — 完整 type 索引(34 个)
| Type | 链接 | 类目 |
|---|---|---|
| Article / NewsArticle / BlogPosting | docs | News, Sports |
| Book | docs | Entertainment |
| Breadcrumb | docs | Generic |
| Carousel | docs | 与 Recipe/Course/Movie/Restaurant 组合 |
| Carousels Beta | docs | Beta |
| Course / Course List | docs | Education |
| Dataset | docs | Education |
| Discussion Forum | docs | UGC |
| Education Q&A | docs | Education |
| Employer Aggregate Rating | docs | Jobs |
| Event | docs | Entertainment |
| FactCheck | docs | News |
| FAQPage ⚠️废 2026-05-07 | docs | (废) |
| Image License Metadata | docs | Generic |
| Job Posting | docs | Jobs |
| Local Business | docs | Organizations |
| Loyalty Program | docs | Ecommerce |
| Math Solvers | docs | Education |
| Merchant Listing | docs | Ecommerce |
| Movie | docs | Entertainment |
| Organization | docs | Organizations |
| Paywalled Content | docs | News |
| Product | docs | Ecommerce |
| Product Snippet | docs | Ecommerce |
| Product Variants | docs | Ecommerce |
| Profile Page | docs | Generic |
| Q&A Page | docs | UGC |
| Recipe | docs | Food and Drink |
| Return Policy | docs | Ecommerce |
| Review Snippet | docs | Ecommerce / Reviews |
| Shipping Policy | docs | Ecommerce |
| Software App | docs | Generic |
| Speakable | docs | News(EN 6 locale) |
| Vacation Rental | docs | 需申请 |
| Video | docs | Generic |
Part 7 — 工具
| 工具 | 用途 |
|---|---|
| Rich Results Test | Google specific validation + 预览 |
| Schema Markup Validator | Generic schema.org validation(无 Google 特定 warning) |
| Search Console Rich result status reports | 部署后监控 type 级 errors |
| Search Console URL Inspection | 单 URL 看 Google 实际收到啥 |
⚠️ Structured Data Testing Tool 已迁移到 Schema Markup Validator(2020-12)。
Part 8 — 相关 wiki
- AI Overviews / AI Mode: 不需要 special schema,标准 SEO 适用 搜索结果视觉元素全景 (Visual Gallery / Title / Snippet / Favicon / Sitelinks / Featured / AI / Translated / Preferred)
- Ecommerce 6 大 SD type(BreadcrumbList / LocalBusiness / Organization / Product+ProductGroup / Review / VideoObject)详: Ecommerce SEO 完全指南 (6 Surface / 4 Launch 策略 / Merchant Center / 6 SD 类型 / Pagination 3 模式 / Review 13 准则) Part 4
- Article 配 publication-dates: 富功能 / Discover / Images / Video / Page Experience / Web Stories / SXG / Paywall 完全指南 Part 11
- Image SD 配 preferred image: 富功能 / Discover / Images / Video / Page Experience / Web Stories / SXG / Paywall 完全指南 Part 2
- Video SD 详(Key Moments / Live Badge / Clip / SeekToAction): 富功能 / Discover / Images / Video / Page Experience / Web Stories / SXG / Paywall 完全指南 Part 3
- Paywalled SD 配 flexible-sampling 6-10 篇/月: 富功能 / Discover / Images / Video / Page Experience / Web Stories / SXG / Paywall 完全指南 Part 9
- SD 不可见内容 = cloaking spam: Google SEO 入门 + Search 工作原理 + Search Essentials spam policies 24 条
- robots meta + SD 关系(
max-snippet不影响 SD 提供的内容): 抓取与索引控制完全指南 (robots.txt / noindex / X-Robots-Tag / data-nosnippet / rel) Part 3.5 - SD 必须 Googlebot 可爬(不能 robots.txt block / noindex): Canonical / 重定向 / 网站迁移完全指南 (含 HTTP 状态码全表 + 503 临时停业 playbook)
- 各 type 详细字段: 看 search-gallery 链接到官方文档
Last updated
2026-05-17 — 基于 Google Search Central 40 篇 appearance/structured-data 系列(2024-10 ~ 2026-05 最新)整理。重大变更: FAQ 2026-05-07 起 rich result 停。
来源与关联资料
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/intro-structured-data?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/intro-structured-data?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/sd-policies?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/sd-policies?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/search-gallery?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/search-gallery?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/generate-structured-data-with-javascript?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/generate-structured-data-with-javascript?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/image-license-metadata?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/image-license-metadata?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/article?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/article?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/book?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/book?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/breadcrumb?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/breadcrumb?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/carousel?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/carousel?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/carousels-beta?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/carousels-beta?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/course?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/course?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/dataset?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/dataset?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/discussion-forum?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/discussion-forum?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/education-qa?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/education-qa?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/employer-rating?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/employer-rating?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/event?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/event?hl=zh-cn
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/factcheck?hl=en
- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/factcheck?hl=zh-cn
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- https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/video?hl=en
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