KNOWLEDGE NOTES

Knowledge Notes

Explore curated knowledge, course notes and methods, with their existing content and sources preserved.

This index lists complete English editions. Additional Chinese notes and bilingual updates remain available in the Chinese index.

350knowledge notes
Product Design & UX / Apple Design Guidelines

Apple HIG Accessibility and Ethics: Accessibility (Nine Principles / Inclusivity / Privacy / Copywriting / RTL)

The 'make way for everyone' layer of Apple design. 6 dimensions of accessibility (Vision / Hearing / Mobility / Speech / Cognition / visionOS) + 9 core accessibility principles (Contrast / Dark Mode / Larger Text / Don’t Rely on Color Alone / Reduce Motion / Voice Control / VoiceOver / Captions / Audio Descriptions) + App Store Accessibility Nutrition Labels evaluation method + Mac VoiceOver acceleration (contain / combine / ignore + rotor + actions) + Inclusive design (diversity factors / inclusive language / avoiding stereotypes) + Privacy (ask for permissions only when needed / purpose strings / location button / data protection) + Writing (tone / action orientation / error messages / empty states) + Right-to-Left RTL (text alignment / numbers do not flip / controls flip / icon localization). Each entry includes real-world test cases from the Landmarks App.

AccessibilityPrivacy by DesignInclusive designEnglish edition
Product Design & UX / Apple Design Guidelines

Apple HIG visionOS Spatial Computing (Eye and Hand Gestures / Immersion Spectrum / Comfort Science / Spatial UI / SharePlay)

Complete Apple Vision Pro / visionOS spatial computing design guide. Eye input (gaze = target recognition · gaze point privacy is not exposed · look to scroll) + 3 types of hover interaction (instant / delayed / gradient ramp · two-state switching · anchor elements · avoid unexpected motion) + gestures (system gestures: single tap / double tap / pinch-drag · eye-hand combination precision · direct vs indirect · lack of haptics compensated by audio and visuals) + comfort science (vestibular system vs visual conflict causing motion sickness · avoid head-locked content · 0.2Hz oscillation forbidden zone · depth cue conflict causing ghosting · place reading content beyond arm's length) + spatial UI layout (60pt tap target + 16pt spacing · concentric corner formula · ergonomics: left/right movement better than up/down · windows sized to content) + materials (glass has no light/dark mode · dark materials separate sections, light materials emphasize interaction · vibrancy) + immersion spectrum (Shared Space ↔ Dim ↔ Full Space ↔ Full Immersion · progressive transitions) + spatial widgets (Paper vs Glass · proximity awareness Default/Simplified · fixed physical size · Elevated/Recessed) + SharePlay (window / full space · Side-by-Side / Surround / Conversational modes) + narrative interaction (Encounter Dinosaurs) + spatial audio (randomization · distance perception) + core spatial strategies (key moments · iterative prototyping · complementary experiences).

visionOSSpatial computingAccessibilityEnglish edition
Product Design & UX / Other Product, Design and Learning Materials

Curated Highlights of Medium UX Articles (Multi-Topic: GenAI UX Patterns / Research & Experiment Methods / Mobile Trends / Inclusivity / Information Architecture / Company Cases)

A curated compilation of highlights from 102 Medium UX articles (59 topics) saved by Will, compressed across 7 major clusters into one note that can replace an entire bookmarks folder. ① GenAI/AI UX Patterns — 21 GenAI UX Patterns (augmentation vs automation / three tiers of automation / CoT display / expressing model confidence and limitations / guardrails), seven AI UI layouts (floating window / inline / infinite canvas / centered chat / left panel / right panel / grid), predictive UX (context management controls), five-step framework for designing AI products. ② Research & Experiment Methods — five-step A/B testing method (define success → identify bottlenecks → build hypotheses → prioritize → test, including empirical evidence from the Obama campaign's $57 million and Haiti disaster relief's $1.02 million), macro vs micro vs vanity metrics. ③ Mobile & Trends — nine 2026 mobile trends (predictive / Zero-UI / Agentic / spatial 3D / glassmorphism / microinteractions / adaptive / ethics / passwordless). ④ Inclusivity/Accessibility — 11 tactics (4.5:1 contrast ratio / multi-channel coding / external form labels / alt text / heading hierarchy / touch targets ≥7–10 mm² / keyboard accessibility), including empirical revenue evidence from Tesco/Virgin. ⑤ Information Architecture/Flows/Complexity — collaboration framework (centralized → decentralized shared Commons), how complexity accumulates (feature bloat / process stacking / technical debt + Pareto cuts + complexity budget), value proposition canvas, globalization ≠ translation (Chevrolet Nova / Domino's vs Kellogg's). ⑥ Company Cases — breakdown index for Airbnb/Calm/Canva/Duolingo/Spotify/Uber/Slack/Gmail and more. ⑦ Career/Soft Skills — three types of designers in 2026 (block-shaped generalists / ultra-deep specialists / standout new graduates), real UX competence in the AI era (restraint and judgment > drawing UI), six psychology principles for landing page conversion. For AI product PMs: Why / when to use / counterexamples come first. Highly intertextual with [[shape-of-ai-patterns]] (AI UX Pattern Library), [[ai-ux-interactions]] (Seven AI Interaction Paradigms), [[laws-of-ux]] (Laws of UX), [[nngroup-ux-principles]] (UX Golden Quotes), [[nngroup-information-architecture]], [[nngroup-persuasive-design]], and [[ux-metrics-roi]]; this compilation only adds the checklists, numbers, and cases they do not cover, and does not rewrite them.

AI UXUser researchAccessibilityEnglish edition
Product Design & UX / Google UX Courses

Google UX Certificate / Foundations of UX Design

Complete notes for Course 1 of the Google UX Design Professional Certificate, *Foundations of UX Design*. Covers the 4 qualities of good UX (Usable/Equitable/Enjoyable/Useful) + the designer role spectrum (generalist/specialist/T-shaped + 7 job roles + cross-functional collaboration) + 4 entry paths + 4 steps of user-centered design (understand/define/design/evaluate) + 3 stages of accessibility evolution (universal → inclusive → equitable + AT assistive technology) + cross-platform design + 5 stages of design thinking (empathize/define/ideate/prototype/test, with stage-by-stage method libraries) + 5-day design sprint + sprint brief + retrospective meeting + business requirements (goals + parameters) + 3 categories of UX research (foundational/design/post-launch) + 6 types of research bias + 8 bias mitigation practices. Targeted at PMs, with a comparison to Yitang's five-step method / requirements analysis.

UX FundamentalsUser-centered designAccessibilityEnglish edition
Product Design & UX / Other Product, Design and Learning Materials

Typography and Typeface Knowledge (Google Fonts Knowledge: Type Classification & Anatomy / Type Selection & Pairing / Legibility & Accessibility / CJK Multilingual Script / Glossary)

An in-depth Chinese-English typography reference based on Google Fonts' "Knowledge" column, which breaks down typefaces from "looks good by feel" into actionable judgment that PMs can follow when selecting type and setting type. It covers eight main sections: ① Type anatomy and vertical metrics (baseline / x-height / ascenders & descenders / em square · why baselines shift when you change typefaces). ② Type classification (genre: serif / sans serif / slab serif / monospaced / script / display · historical classification · seven Chinese type categories: Song, Kai, Hei, etc. · the three-layer Skeleton-Flesh-Skin type matrix). ③ Type selection methodology (4 major checklists: fit for purpose + design completeness + reliable files + usage license · emotional considerations · selection by project scale / text length / font size · optical sizes · weight and style · avoid fake bold and fake italic). ④ Type pairing (4 reasons why you need a second typeface · family metaphor: brothers / cousins / distant relatives · serif paired with sans serif is the safest choice · differences should be clear but not too distant). ⑤ Legibility and accessibility (legibility vs readability · lookalike characters Il1 / bdpq mirroring · open counters · WCAG contrast ratios 4.5:1 / 3:1 / AAA 7:1 · body text ≥16px · 8% of men have color vision deficiency · Lexend / Atkinson Hyperlegible). ⑥ Fully retained practical typography rules of thumb (line height 115–150% · line length 45–75 characters / 15–20 for Chinese · tracking: tighten for large sizes, loosen for small sizes · kerning almost never needs manual adjustment · widows and orphans · reverse text weight · techniques for breaking the rules). ⑦ CJK and multilingual script (full-width monospacing · no baseline, relies on visual center · no true italic · Chinese punctuation · Japanese three-script system + Tsume). ⑧ A quick-reference glossary of 30+ terms. Target audience: non-technical PMs, with in-line explanations of jargon, and Why / When to use / Counterexamples for each section. Division of labor with nngroup-visual-design-principles (an overview of visual design principles, with only one section on typography) and refactoring-ui (UI rules for non-designers, covering type scale / line length): this piece is a dedicated in-depth typography reference, with more detailed numerical values and glyph feature descriptions.

TypographyReadabilityAccessibilityEnglish edition